TTLV: Thanh Hoa sea tourism in the context of climate change (study of stakeholder behavior).

1. Full name of PhD student: Nguyen Xuan Hai 2. Gender: Female
3. Date of birth: September 28, 1982 4. Place of birth: Thanh Hoa
5. Decision on recognition of PhD students: Decision No. 1806/QD-XHNV dated June 29, 2018 of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi.
6. Changes in training process (if any): Extension of research period to July 30, 2023.
7. Thesis topic: Thanh Hoa sea tourism in the context of climate change (study of stakeholder behavior).
8. Major: Tourism 9. Code: 981010.01
10. Scientific advisor: Associate Professor, Dr. Tran Duc Thanh
11. Summary of new results of the thesis:
- Research purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to study the impact of climate change on Thanh Hoa sea tourism and the behavior of stakeholders in response to the impact of climate change. From there, propose policy implications for sustainable development of Thanh Hoa sea tourism in the context of climate change.
- Research subjects:
The research object is the understanding and awareness of the impact of climate change on sea tourism activities in Thanh Hoa in the present and future and the behavior of stakeholders in the face of climate change impacts in order to develop Thanh Hoa sea tourism in a sustainable direction.
- Research methods used
The thesis is carried out by combining the following main methods:

- Key results
Firstly, the thesis has adjusted and expanded from research models on climate change response, especially the theory of reasoned action (TRA), the theory of triple bottom line (TPL) and stakeholder theory to explore the understanding and response behavior to climate change of stakeholders in accordance with the context of marine tourism development in Thanh Hoa in particular and in Vietnam in general.
Second, Wei, J., Hansen, A., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Liu, Q., Sun, Y., & Bi, P. (2014) test of measurement components from the perspective of marine tourism in the context of climate change. These measurement variables are applied to determine the understanding and behavior of stakeholders in responding to climate change in sustainable marine tourism development in Thanh Hoa.
Third, the thesis has analyzed and evaluated the current status of climate change impacts on Thanh Hoa sea tourism. Based on the use of appropriate in-depth interview and sociological investigation methods, the thesis focused on processing and analyzing 852 collected survey forms to evaluate the understanding of climate change, the impact of climate change on Thanh Hoa sea tourism and the response behavior to climate change of relevant parties.
- New contributions of the thesis
+ In theory:
Firstly, this is one of the first studies in Vietnam to conduct research on Marine Tourism in the context of climate change, especially studying the behavior of stakeholders at marine tourism destinations. The thesis has identified the current status of climate change impacts on marine tourism activities and predicted those impacts in the future according to climate change scenarios. In addition, the thesisdetermined the behavior of stakeholders on climate change in marine tourism development. This result can be useful for future studies on the topic of stakeholder behavior in localities with marine tourism development projects. In addition, the thesis has supplemented and developed a scale of impact, understanding and behavior among stakeholders involved in marine tourism development. These components can be inherited and used for future studies on the topic of stakeholder behavior in marine tourism development.
Second, the thesis has analyzed and evaluated the current status of climate change impacts on Thanh Hoa sea tourism. This result can be useful for the authorities at Thanh Hoa sea tourism sites in developing policies and plans to adapt and mitigate the impacts of climate change to develop sea tourism in Thanh Hoa in a sustainable manner.
+ Practical significance:
Firstly, the research results provide policy makers on marine tourism development in Thanh Hoa in particular and other locations in Vietnam with similar conditions to propose policies and solutions for sustainable marine tourism development.
Second, the completed thesis contributes to improving the quality of teaching and scientific research. The thesis is a good reference for tourism management agencies, tourism business administrators and local communities, and also helps tourism management agencies have policies and measures to manage and raise tourists' awareness in the issue of sustainable tourism development at tourist destinations.
Third, the thesis has clearly summarized domestic and foreign works that have studied climate change and the impacts between climate change and tourism development, including studies on climate change in Vietnam and Thanh Hoa tourism. The scientific and systematic overview method clearly points out the open gaps that need to be researched, thereby showing that the thesis topic still needs to be researched.
Fourthly, the thesis has analyzed and evaluated the current status of climate change impacts on Thanh Hoa sea tourism. Based on the use of appropriate in-depth interview and sociological investigation methods, the thesis focused on processing and analyzing 852 collected survey forms to evaluate the understanding of climate change and the impacts of climate change on Thanh Hoa sea tourism.
Fifth, the thesis has given some implications and proposed research directions for stakeholders. The recommendations are suitable for current practice and feasible.
- Conclude
+ The research results confirm: Climate change can impact any coastal tourism destination. The impact of climate change can be manifested on both the sea and the inland areas near the coast. The impact of climate change on coastal tourism activities can be positive or negative depending on many factors, including specific tourism activities and each destination.
+ The research results also show that the mitigation and adaptation behaviors of stakeholders to climate change contribute positively to the development of sustainable marine tourism. This shows that stakeholders have a fairly good awareness of the nature and impacts of climate change. Stakeholders' understanding of the impacts of climate change is an important factor in promoting mitigation and adaptation behaviors to climate change. When stakeholders have a high level of understanding of the impacts of climate change, they will realize the importance of implementing measures to reduce environmental impacts and adapt to changes towards sustainable marine tourism development. On that basis, the thesis has discussed policy implications to contribute to the development of sustainable marine tourism in Thanh Hoa in particular and in Vietnam in general.
12. Further research directions:

13. Publications related to the thesis:

           

- Research objectives: The thesis aims to investigate the consequences of climate change on tourism at Thanh Hoa marine as well as stakeholder behavior prior to these effects. Then, in light of climate change, provide policy implications for the sustainable growth of Thanh Hoamarinetourism.
- Research subject: The object of the research is the knowledge and perceptions of stakeholders about the impact of climate change on marine tourism activities in Thanh Hoa in the present and in the future and as well as stakeholder behavior in the face of climate change impacts in order to enhance Thanh Hoa marine tourism in a sustainable manner.
- Research methods: This study applies the following main methods:

- The main results:
Firstly, the thesis has been enlarged and updated to account for climate change, particularly the theory of rational action (TRA) and the theory of sustainable core trinity (TPL). Using stakeholder theory to investigate how stakeholders perceive and act in response to climate change in light of the circumstances surrounding the growth of marine tourism in Thanh Hoa in particular and Vietnam in general.
Secondly, test the measurement component of Wei, J., Hansen, A., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Liu, Q., Sun, Y., & Bi, P. (2014) from an angle marine tourism in the context of climate change. These measures are applied to determine the knowledge and behavior of stakeholders to respond to climate change in sustainable marine tourism development in Thanh Hoa.
Thirdly, the thesis has examined and evaluated the current state of climate change impacts on Thanh Hoa sea tourism. The thesis focuses on processing and evaluating 852 gathered questionnaires to measure understanding of climate change, as well as the influence of climate change on Thanh Hoa marine tourism, using appropriate methods of in-depth interviews and sociological investigations.
- Thesis new contributions
+ Theoretical significance:
Firstly, this is one of the first studies in Vietnam to conduct research on marine tourism in the context of climate change, especially studying the behavior of stakeholders in marine tourism destinations. The thesis has identified the current status of impacts of climate change on marine tourism activities and predicted those impacts in the future under the climate change scenario. In addition, the thesis has determined the behavior of parties related to climate change in marine tourism development. This result may be useful for future studies on the topic of stakeholder behavior in localities with marine tourism development projects. In addition, the thesis has supplemented and developed the scale of impact, understanding and behavior among stakeholders involved in marine tourism development. These components can be inherited and used for future studies on the topic of stakeholder behavior in marine tourism development.
Secondly, the thesis has analyzed and evaluated the actual situation of climate change impacts on Thanh Hoa marine tourism. The authorities in charge of developing policies and plans to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change in order to expand marine tourism in Thanh Hoa in a sustainable manner one day may find this valuable result.
+ Practical significance:
Firstly, the research results provide policy makers on the development of marine tourism in Thanh Hoa in particular and other places in Vietnam with similar conditions to set forth policies and solutions for the development of marine tourism sustainable.
Secondly, the completed thesis contributes to improving the quality of teaching and scientific research. The thesis is a good reference for tourism management agencies, for tourism business administrators and local communities, and also helps tourism management agencies to have policies and measures to manage and raise awareness of tourists in the issue of sustainable tourism development at tourist destinations.
Third, the thesis has quite clearly overviewed domestic and foreign works that have studied climate change and the impacts between climate change and tourism development, including studies on climate change. post in Vietnam and Thanh Hoa tourism. The method of scientific and systematic review, clearly indicates the open gaps that need to be studied, thereby showing that the thesis topic is still needed to be researched.
Fourthly, the thesis has analyzed and evaluated the actual situation of climate change impacts on Thanh Hoa marine tourism. On the basis of using appropriate methods of in-depth interviews and sociological investigations, the thesis focuses on processing and analyzing 852 collected questionnaires to assess the understanding of climate change, the impact of climate change on Thanh Hoa marine tourism.
Fifthly, the thesis has given some implications and suggested research directions for stakeholders. The recommendations are consistent with current practice and feasible.
- Conclusions:
+ Research results confirm: Climate change can affect any marine tourism destination. The effects of climate change can manifest in both the sea and inland areas near the coast. The impact of climate change on marine tourism can be positive or negative depending on many factors, including the specific tourism activity and each destination.
+ Research results also show that climate change mitigation and adaptation behavior of stakeholders positively contribute to sustainable marine tourism development. This shows that stakeholders have a fairly good awareness of the nature and impacts of climate change. Stakeholders' understanding of the impacts of climate change is an important factor in promoting climate change mitigation and adaptation behavior. When stakeholders have a high understanding of the impacts of climate change, they will realize the importance of taking measures to reduce environmental impacts and adapt to changes towards tourism development sustainable marine. On that basis, the thesis has explained the policy implications to contribute to the development of sustainable marine tourism in Thanh Hoa in particular and in Vietnam in general.

- Research in more detail on the impact of climate change on marine tourism in each specific area in Thanh Hoa province.
- Research on the effects of climate change on tourism activities other than maritime tourism, such as cultural, culinary, and ecological tourism.
- Research on sustainable tourism development and management strategies to minimize impacts of climate change on Thanh Hoa marine tourism.
- Research on strategies to react to stakeholders in the development of maritime tourism, including prevention and transformation measures to adapt to climate change.
- Research on tourists' perceptions, attitudes, and actions toward tourist attractions
- Research on tourist behavior in the usage of maritime tourism services, including how to consume water, electricity, materials, and other items in the context of climate change..
- Research on tourism managers' behavior, including environmental management measures, sustainable tourist development plans, resource management, and the protection of land and marine organisms in the face of climate change.
- Research on local community behavior, including engagement in maritime tourism development and management, contribution to the local economy, and protection of natural resources and the environment in the context of climate change.
- Research on tourism business behavior, including how to manage resources and the environment, environmental protection legislation, and how to engage customers in the face of climate change.

1. Nguyen Xuan Hai, Tran Duc Thanh (2020), “Sam Son marine tourism adaptation to climate change”, the 2nd TOURIST conference in Bangkok and hosted by the Faculty of Business Administration, Kasetsart University, Bangkok. ISBN (e-Book) 978-616-278-573-3. pp.213-225.
2. Nguyen Xuan Hai, Tran Duc Thanh (2021), “Some solutions to develop Thanh Hoamarinetourism in response to climate change", Proceedings of the scientific conference on Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. P. 434-446.
3. Nguyen Xuan Hai, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Ha, Tran Duc Thanh (2021), “Assessment of women's vulnerability and ability to respond to climate change at Hai Tien marine resort”, Proceedings of the scientific conference on Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. P. 542-551.
4. Nguyen Xuan Hai, Tran Duc Thanh (2021), “Climate Change affecting the marine tourism industry in Thanh Hoa province”, TED-2021 Proceedings of the International Conference on Culture, Education, and Tourism with Economic Development.ISBN: 978-604-80-5756-5. pp. 908-918.
5. Nguyen Xuan Hai, Tran Duc Thanh (2021), “Women's vulnerability to climate change in tourism industry in coastal areas of Thanh Hoa province”, Vietnam Women's Academy in collaboration with The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, UNWOMEN) and NAFOSTED is organizing an International Conference on Women Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Post-Covid 19 Era. ISBN: 978-604-343-264-0. pp. 135-148.